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Colossus 1

OperatingAI campusCampusMemphis, Shelby County, Tennessee
80% profile completeness
74 claims from 12 sources
Current facility power
425 MW[1]
Likelyestimated
Planned capacity
442 MW[1]
Likelyestimated
Floor area
Not yet sourced
Buildings (planned)
1[1]
Likelyderived
Capital cost / investment
$12.9B[1]
Likelyestimated
First operational
Aug 11, 2024[1]
Likelyderived

POWER & GRID

Time-to-power · verification · interconnection
Time to power
Energized — operating
High confidence
Project verification
Verified operating
Operation documented by satellite imagery.
Current stage
Operational
Furthest stage with documented evidence
Utility · ISO
Memphis Light, Gas and Water · None (non-RTO region)
Substation: On-site substation

Power reality

Announced
442 MW[1]
Research estimate of planned capacity (no company figure found)
Interconnection request
No record
Contracted / approved
No record
Under construction
No record
Operational
425 MW[1]
Estimated from buildings observed operational
AI evidence brief
Summarizes only the evidence on this page. Answers citing anything else are rejected automatically.

Project verification

Development
  1. Announcedimplied by a later stage
  2. Land acquiredimplied by a later stage
  3. Planning / zoningimplied by a later stage
  4. Permittingimplied by a later stage
Grid interconnection
  1. Interconnection application
  2. Feasibility study
  3. System impact study
  4. Facilities study
  5. Interconnection agreement / service contract
Build & energization
  1. Financing
  2. Under constructionApr 24, 2024
    Model estimate · Satellite imagery
    • Apr 24, 2024 · Reported status: under construction[1]
    • Apr 24, 2024 · Construction start[1]
    • Apr 24, 2024 · Construction starts with a road added on site, retrofitting a former Electrolux building.[1]
    • Aug 11, 2024 · Reported status: expanding[1]
  3. EnergizationAug 11, 2024
    Satellite imagery
    • Aug 11, 2024 · First [significant/useful training workload](https://x.ai/colossus) on 25k H100s.[1]
  4. OperationalAug 11, 2024
    Satellite imagery
    • Aug 11, 2024 · First [significant/useful training workload](https://x.ai/colossus) on 25k H100s.[1]

● documented · ◌ implied by a later stage · ○ no evidence found. Dates are those of the earliest dated evidence, which can be later than when a stage actually began. Evidence classes: Model estimate, Satellite imagery.

Grid path

  1. facility
    Colossus 1
  2. substation
    On-site substation[1][5]
    Satellite imageryLikely
    3 substation outlines traced inside the campus on satellite imagery; OSM maps Unnamed substation 0.37 km away
  3. transmission
    West Memphis - Freeport 500kV[5]
    Proximity onlyUnverified
    Highest-voltage line mapped within 2 km (0.61 km away). Not confirmed as the supply path.
  4. utility
    Memphis Light, Gas and Water[1]
    DocumentedConfirmed
    Named in a source
  5. ISO / RTO
    None (non-RTO region)[3]
    Service territoryLikely
    Balancing authority: TVA
Substation capacity:
not published
Required upgrades:
not yet sourced
Congestion:
not yet sourced (no nodal price data)

Dashed boxes are based on proximity only and do not establish which asset serves the site.

Interconnection records

No interconnection-queue record is linked to this site. Of the ISOs we ingest, only NYISO publishes large-load requests; PJM, ERCOT, MISO, SPP and CAISO queues list generation only.

On-site & dedicated generation

  • 2 on-site power generator outlines traced on satellite imagery[1]
    Epoch AI satellite annotations (fuel type and capacity not identified)
    Unknown typeBehind-the-meterLikely

Location & imagery

Mapped outline
Coordinates
35.05974, -90.15609
Address
3231 Riverport Rd, Memphis, TN 38109[1]Likely
County
Shelby County
Photographs

No openly licensed ground-level photos matched to this site yet.

Ownership, operation & customers

  1. 1. Property owner of record
    Not identified
  2. 2. Owner / developer
    SpaceXAI (xAI)[1]
  3. 3. Operator
    Not identified
  4. 4. Tenant / cloud
    Not identified
  5. 5. End customer / workload
    Anthropic[1]

Each link is sourced separately. The property owner of record is often a special-purpose entity; the same company appearing in two roles is shown only when sources say so.

All parties with evidence
Owner
End user
Anthropic[1]Confirmed
Utility

Power (all fields)

Current facility power
425 MW[1]Likelyestimated

Estimated total facility power (IT plus cooling and overhead) at the latest observed milestone.

Current IT capacity
340 MW[1]Likelyestimated

Estimated IT load currently online, based on buildings observed operational.

Planned capacity
442 MW[1]Likelyestimated

Projected facility power at the last tracked milestone (2025-07-22); not necessarily full build-out.

Estimated annual consumption
2,606 GWh/yr[2]Speculativeestimated

425 MW × 8,760 h × 70% utilization.

Capacity figures are nameplate or contracted; annual consumption is a labeled model estimate, not metered data.

Grid & electricity

ISO / RTO
None (non-RTO region)[3]Likelyderived

Outside all ISO/RTO footprints; balancing authority shown separately.

Balancing authority
TVA[4]Likelyderived

Control area of the containing utility territory.

Nearest mapped substation
Unnamed substation (161 kV)[5]Likelyderived

Nearest substation mapped in OpenStreetMap; proximity does not establish which substation serves the site.

Distance to substation
0.4 km[5]Likelyderived
Highest-voltage line nearby
500 kV[5]Likelyderived

Highest-voltage transmission line mapped within 2 km.

State avg. industrial price
7.13¢/kWh[6]Confirmed

Tennessee statewide average, July 2026.

State avg. commercial price
13.43¢/kWh[6]Confirmed

Tennessee statewide average, July 2026.

Generation within 50 km
2.78 GW[7]Confirmedderived

9 EIA-reported plants within 50 km.

Interconnection status
Not yet sourced
Contracted / committed power
Not yet sourced
Nearby infrastructureTypeDistanceVoltage / capacitySource
161 kV lineTransmission line0.34 km161 kV[5]
Allen - Freeport 161kV · Memphis Light, Gas and WaterTransmission line0.5 km161 kV[5]
West Memphis - Freeport 500kV · Tennessee Valley AuthorityTransmission line0.61 km500 kV[5]
Allen - Southgate 161kV · Memphis Light, Gas and WaterTransmission line1.41 km161 kV[5]
Allen - Southgate #2 161kV · Memphis Light, Gas and WaterTransmission line1.54 km161 kV[5]
Allen · Tennessee Valley AuthorityPower plant (Natural Gas)1.7 km1.48 GW[7]
Wildflower Solar, LLC (Ms) · Duke Energy Renewables ServicesPower plant (Solar)11.2 km100 MW[7]
TVA Southaven Combined Cycle · Tennessee Valley AuthorityPower plant (Natural Gas)13 km780 MW[7]
West Memphis Solar Station · Entergy Arkansas LLCPower plant (Solar)17.7 km180 MW[7]
Sr Innovation - Nike PV · SR Innovation, LLCPower plant (Solar)32 km2 MW[7]
Big Cypress Solar, LLC · Big Cypress Solar, LLCPower plant (Solar)34.5 km180 MW[7]
Millington Solar Farm · SR Millington, LLCPower plant (Solar)42.5 km53 MW[7]
Sr Byhalia, LLC · SR Byhalia, LLCPower plant (Solar)49.8 km5 MW[7]
Unnamed substationSubstation0.37 km161 kV[5]
Unnamed substationSubstation0.39 km22.9 kV[5]
Memphis Light, Gas and Water substation · Memphis Light, Gas and WaterSubstation0.39 km—[5]
Unnamed substationSubstation0.43 km161 kV[5]
Unnamed substationSubstation1.01 km500 kV[5]
Memphis Light, Gas and Water substation · Memphis Light, Gas and WaterSubstation1.12 km161 kV[5]

Utility, ISO and nearby assets are derived from the site's location. Proximity to a substation or line doesn't establish the interconnection; that needs a utility filing or interconnection-queue record. Queue requests are applications, not commitments — most never reach operation.

Construction & permitting

  1. Announced
    —
  2. Land acquired
    —
  3. Permitting
    —
  4. Construction start
    Apr 24, 2024[1]
  5. First operational
    Aug 11, 2024[1]
  6. Expected completion
    —
Planned capacity
442 MW[1]Likelyestimated

Projected facility power at the last tracked milestone (2025-07-22); not necessarily full build-out.

Buildings (planned)
1[1]Likelyderived

Count of building outlines traced on satellite imagery.

Buildings operational
1[1]Likelyestimated
PhaseStatusAdded MWCompleted / expectedSource
Building 1operational45 MWAug 11, 2024[1]

Real estate

Official assessments
Assessor's value for a tax year

None sourced yet

Recorded transactions
Sale prices from recorded deeds

None sourced yet

Model estimates
Our model — not an appraisal

None sourced yet

Capital cost / investment
$12.9B[1]Likelyestimated

Modeled total capital cost (2025 USD) of capacity currently operational, incl. compute hardware.

Annual property tax
Not yet sourced

No county parcel or assessor records linked yet. County records are currently ingested for Loudoun County, VA and Maricopa County, AZ.

Size

Floor area
Not yet sourced

Compute

Chip types
H100, H200, B200[1]Confirmed
Compute (H100-equivalents)
275,800[1]Likelyestimated

What changed (last 3 years)

Follow this facility (RSS)
  • Current IT capacity
    35 MWAug 11, 2024[1]→139 MWSep 2, 2024[1]→278 MWFeb 17, 2025[1]→340 MWJul 22, 2025[1]→268 MWSep 17, 2025[1]→340 MWNov 7, 2025[1]
  • Current facility power
    45 MWAug 11, 2024[1]→181 MWSep 2, 2024[1]→361 MWFeb 17, 2025[1]→442 MWJul 22, 2025[1]→348 MWSep 17, 2025[1]→442 MWNov 7, 2025[1]→425 MWFeb 11, 2026[1]
  • Buildings operational
    0Apr 24, 2024[1]→1Aug 11, 2024[1]
  • Status
    Under constructionApr 24, 2024[1]→Operating + expandingAug 11, 2024[1]→OperatingJun 15, 2026[1]

Timeline

Construction start: Apr 24, 2024[1]
First operational: Aug 11, 2024[1]
  1. Apr 24, 2024[1]

    Construction starts with a road added on site, retrofitting a former Electrolux building.

  2. Aug 11, 202445 MW facility power· 1 buildings operational[1]

    First significant/useful training workload on 25k H100s.

  3. Sep 2, 2024181 MW facility power· 1 buildings operational[1]

    100k H100s online.

  4. Feb 17, 2025361 MW facility power· 1 buildings operational[1]

    150k H100s and 50k H200s online. This is roughly when Musk said, plus on this date they reported "running jobs with 150K+ GPUs".

  5. Mar 6, 2025361 MW facility power· 1 buildings operational[1]

    Second substation almost connected (red cables)

  6. Jul 22, 2025442 MW facility power· 1 buildings operational[1]

    30k B200s added (in GB200 configuration).

  7. Sep 17, 2025348 MW facility power· 1 buildings operational[1]

    Third substation looks completed, but it doesn't appear to be connected to the building yet. Some air-cooled chillers removed, while large cooling towers are added.

  8. Oct 19, 2025348 MW facility power· 1 buildings operational[1]

    There is still construction visible in the third substation yard and next to the new cooling towers.

  9. Nov 7, 2025442 MW facility power· 1 buildings operational[1]

    Third substation was expected to power the building in Fall.

  10. Feb 11, 2026425 MW facility power· 1 buildings operational[1]

    All air-cooled chillers have been disconnected and/or removed from the site, leaving only the cooling towers for cooling. The third substation looks complete, with red cables connected to the building.

  11. May 6, 2026425 MW facility power· 1 buildings operational[1]

    Anthropic announces their agreement with SpaceX to use all of the compute capacity at Colossus 1. They state that this corresponds to more than 300 MW (presumably IT power) and over 220,000 GPUs. This is slightly different to previous reports adding up to 230,000 GPUs, but still roughly consistent with our estimates.

  12. Jun 1, 2026425 MW facility power· 1 buildings operational[1]

    We assume that Anthropic has started using Colossus 1 now, since the announcement said they would get access to 300 MW "within the month" of May.

  13. Jun 15, 2026425 MW facility power· 1 buildings operational[1]

    No major changes to the data center since February. Solar panels have been placed next to the facility.

Buildings on this campus

1

All claims (provenance audit)

74
FieldValueSourceConfidenceAs ofStatus
NameColossus 1[1] Likely2026-06-15Shown
StatusUnder construction[1] derivedLikely2024-04-24Superseded / alternative
StatusOperating + expanding[1] derivedLikely2024-08-11Superseded / alternative
StatusOperating + expanding[1] derivedLikely2024-09-02Superseded / alternative
StatusOperating + expanding[1] derivedLikely2025-02-17Superseded / alternative
StatusOperating + expanding[1] derivedLikely2025-03-06Superseded / alternative
StatusOperating + expanding[1] derivedLikely2025-07-22Superseded / alternative
StatusOperating + expanding[1] derivedLikely2025-09-17Superseded / alternative
StatusOperating + expanding[1] derivedLikely2025-10-19Superseded / alternative
StatusOperating + expanding[1] derivedLikely2025-11-07Superseded / alternative
StatusOperating + expanding[1] derivedLikely2026-02-11Superseded / alternative
StatusOperating + expanding[1] derivedLikely2026-05-06Superseded / alternative
StatusOperating + expanding[1] derivedLikely2026-06-01Superseded / alternative
StatusOperating[1] derivedLikely2026-06-15Shown
Facility typeAI campus[1] derivedLikely2026-06-15Shown
Address3231 Riverport Rd, Memphis, TN 38109[1] Likely2026-06-15Shown
OwnerSpaceXAI (xAI)Owner: SpaceXAI[1] Confirmed2026-06-15Shown
End usersAnthropicUsers: Anthropic[1] Confirmed2026-06-15Shown
UtilityMemphis Light, Gas and WaterEnergy companies: MLGW[1] Confirmed2026-06-15Shown
Current facility power425 MW[1] estimatedLikely2026-06-15Shown
Current facility power45 MW[1] estimatedLikely2024-08-11Superseded / alternative
Current facility power181 MW[1] estimatedLikely2024-09-02Superseded / alternative
Current facility power361 MW[1] estimatedLikely2025-02-17Superseded / alternative
Current facility power361 MW[1] estimatedLikely2025-03-06Superseded / alternative
Current facility power442 MW[1] estimatedLikely2025-07-22Superseded / alternative
Current facility power348 MW[1] estimatedLikely2025-09-17Superseded / alternative
Current facility power348 MW[1] estimatedLikely2025-10-19Superseded / alternative
Current facility power442 MW[1] estimatedLikely2025-11-07Superseded / alternative
Current facility power425 MW[1] estimatedLikely2026-02-11Superseded / alternative
Current facility power425 MW[1] estimatedLikely2026-05-06Superseded / alternative
Current facility power425 MW[1] estimatedLikely2026-06-01Superseded / alternative
Current IT capacity340 MW[1] estimatedLikely2026-06-15Shown
Current IT capacity35 MW[1] estimatedLikely2024-08-11Superseded / alternative
Current IT capacity139 MW[1] estimatedLikely2024-09-02Superseded / alternative
Current IT capacity278 MW[1] estimatedLikely2025-02-17Superseded / alternative
Current IT capacity278 MW[1] estimatedLikely2025-03-06Superseded / alternative
Current IT capacity340 MW[1] estimatedLikely2025-07-22Superseded / alternative
Current IT capacity268 MW[1] estimatedLikely2025-09-17Superseded / alternative
Current IT capacity268 MW[1] estimatedLikely2025-10-19Superseded / alternative
Current IT capacity340 MW[1] estimatedLikely2025-11-07Superseded / alternative
Current IT capacity340 MW[1] estimatedLikely2026-02-11Superseded / alternative
Current IT capacity340 MW[1] estimatedLikely2026-05-06Superseded / alternative
Current IT capacity340 MW[1] estimatedLikely2026-06-01Superseded / alternative
Planned capacity442 MW[1] estimatedLikely2026-06-15Shown
Estimated annual consumption2,606 GWh/yr[2] estimatedSpeculative2026-09-29Shown
ISO / RTONone (non-RTO region)[3] derivedLikely—Shown
Balancing authorityTVA[4] derivedLikely—Shown
Nearest mapped substationUnnamed substation (161 kV)way/1413617102[5] derivedLikely2026-09-28Shown
Distance to substation0.4 km[5] derivedLikely2026-09-28Shown
Highest-voltage line nearby500 kV[5] derivedLikely2026-09-28Shown
State avg. industrial price7.13¢/kWh[6] Confirmed2026-07Shown
State avg. commercial price13.43¢/kWh[6] Confirmed2026-07Shown
Generation within 50 km2.78 GW[7] derivedConfirmed202502Shown
Buildings (planned)1[1] derivedLikely2026-06-15Shown
Buildings operational1[1] estimatedLikely2026-06-15Shown
Buildings operational0[1] estimatedLikely2024-04-24Superseded / alternative
Buildings operational1[1] estimatedLikely2024-08-11Superseded / alternative
Buildings operational1[1] estimatedLikely2024-09-02Superseded / alternative
Buildings operational1[1] estimatedLikely2025-02-17Superseded / alternative
Buildings operational1[1] estimatedLikely2025-03-06Superseded / alternative
Buildings operational1[1] estimatedLikely2025-07-22Superseded / alternative
Buildings operational1[1] estimatedLikely2025-09-17Superseded / alternative
Buildings operational1[1] estimatedLikely2025-10-19Superseded / alternative
Buildings operational1[1] estimatedLikely2025-11-07Superseded / alternative
Buildings operational1[1] estimatedLikely2026-02-11Superseded / alternative
Buildings operational1[1] estimatedLikely2026-05-06Superseded / alternative
Buildings operational1[1] estimatedLikely2026-06-01Superseded / alternative
Capital cost / investment$12.9B[1] estimatedLikely2026-06-15Shown
Compute (H100-equivalents)275,800[1] estimatedLikely2026-06-15Shown
Chip typesH100[1] Confirmed2026-06-15Shown
Chip typesH200[1] Confirmed2026-06-15Shown
Chip typesB200[1] Confirmed2026-06-15Shown
Construction startApr 24, 2024[1] derivedLikely2026-06-15Shown
First operationalAug 11, 2024[1] derivedLikely2026-06-15Shown